|
Descriptive Statistics |
|||||
|
|
N |
Minimum |
Maximum |
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
|
Age |
38681 |
16 |
59 |
20.50 |
4.889 |
|
Valid N (listwise) |
38681 |
|
|
|
|
The average age of the data set is 20.50 years with a standard deviation of 4.889. The minimum age of the participants was 16 years, and the maximum is 59 years.
|
age category |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
18 |
11881 |
30.7 |
36.2 |
36.2 |
|
19 to 21 |
11666 |
30.2 |
35.6 |
71.8 |
|
|
22 to 25 |
5494 |
14.2 |
16.8 |
88.6 |
|
|
26 or more |
3755 |
9.7 |
11.4 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
32796 |
84.8 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
Missing |
System |
5885 |
15.2 |
|
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
Cohort |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
1 |
3259 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.4 |
|
2 |
3615 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
17.8 |
|
|
3 |
3944 |
10.2 |
10.2 |
28.0 |
|
|
4 |
4086 |
10.6 |
10.6 |
38.5 |
|
|
5 |
5010 |
13.0 |
13.0 |
51.5 |
|
|
6 |
5687 |
14.7 |
14.7 |
66.2 |
|
|
7 |
6383 |
16.5 |
16.5 |
82.7 |
|
|
8 |
6697 |
17.3 |
17.3 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
There was a gradual increase in the proportion of the people in the different cohort and the group number increases.
|
Gender |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Male |
10449 |
27.0 |
27.0 |
27.0 |
|
Female |
28232 |
73.0 |
73.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
The sample has more male than male since there were only approximately 27% of male students and 73% females.
|
LIVING_ARRANGE |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
0 |
20840 |
53.9 |
53.9 |
53.9 |
|
At home |
6850 |
17.7 |
17.7 |
71.6 |
|
|
College or other student residential environment |
10991 |
28.4 |
28.4 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Most of the students 53.9% did not give their living arrangement. Of those that specified their arrangement of life 17.7% lived at home and those that lived at the campus, with friends or other residential places were 28.4%.
|
Faculty |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Arts and Sciences |
9004 |
23.3 |
23.3 |
23.3 |
|
Education |
15038 |
38.9 |
38.9 |
62.2 |
|
|
Health Sciences |
11729 |
30.3 |
30.3 |
92.5 |
|
|
Theology and Philosophy |
588 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
94.0 |
|
|
Business |
2322 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Education students composed the majority of the participants, and the least group was from the theology and philosophy.
|
Stage |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
1 |
15860 |
41.0 |
41.0 |
41.0 |
|
2 |
13571 |
35.1 |
35.1 |
76.1 |
|
|
3 |
7528 |
19.5 |
19.5 |
95.5 |
|
|
4 |
1722 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
Approximately 41.0% of the participants come from state 1, and the least category of people come from state 4.
|
DEGREE TYPE |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Single degree |
34620 |
89.5 |
89.5 |
89.5 |
|
Double degree |
4061 |
10.5 |
10.5 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
The majority of the participants were taking a single degree (89.5%) with about 10.5% taking a double degree.
|
STUDY MODE |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Full time |
34770 |
89.9 |
89.9 |
89.9 |
|
Part time |
3911 |
10.1 |
10.1 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
In this case, approximately 89.9% of the students studied full time with only 10.1% studying part time.
|
FEE STATUS |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Domestic student |
32238 |
83.3 |
83.3 |
83.3 |
|
International student |
6443 |
16.7 |
16.7 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
|
83.3% of the participants were domestic students, and 16.7% were international students.
|
METRO |
|||||
|
|
Frequency |
Percent |
Valid Percent |
Cumulative Percent |
|
|
Valid |
Non-Metropolitan |
27223 |
70.4 |
84.4 |
84.4 |
|
Metropolitan |
5015 |
13.0 |
15.6 |
100.0 |
|
|
Total |
32238 |
83.3 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
Missing |
System |
6443 |
16.7 |
|
|
|
Total |
38681 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
About 70.4% of the participants were non-metropolitan students, and 15.6% were metropolitan.
Test if the mean for aggression, thrill seeking and risk acceptance scores differ for the following demographics and provide a brief interpretation of your findings:
- Gender
H0: The gender is independent of aggression
H1: The gender is dependent of aggression
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
85.310a |
1 |
.000 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
84.980 |
1 |
.000 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
82.376 |
1 |
.000 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.000 |
.000 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
85.308 |
1 |
.000 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1205.33. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
Reject the null hypothesis. This implies that there is sufficient evidence that the aggression is highly correlated with gender. Thus, different genders have a different level of aggressiveness.
- Metropolitan background status and aggression.
H0: The Metropolitan background status is independent of aggression
H1: The Metropolitan background status is dependent of aggression
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
3.694a |
1 |
.055 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
3.600 |
1 |
.058 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
3.634 |
1 |
.057 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.055 |
.029 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
3.694 |
1 |
.055 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
32238 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 553.80. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence at the level .05, that the metropolitan background is not associated with aggression (Pituch et al., 2015). Thus, those that live in metropolis and those that do not live have the same aggression level.
- Study mode
H0: The study mode status is independent of aggression
H1: The study mode is dependent of aggression
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
.218a |
1 |
.640 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
.194 |
1 |
.659 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
.217 |
1 |
.641 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.636 |
.330 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
.218 |
1 |
.640 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 451.15. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
Fail to reject the null hypothesis (p > .05). This means that the aggressiveness is not related to the study mode.
- Gender
H0: The study mode status is independent of Thrill seeking
H1: The study mode is dependent of Thrill seeking
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
10.102a |
7 |
.183 |
|
Likelihood Ratio |
10.143 |
7 |
.181 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
4.333 |
1 |
.037 |
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 281.79. |
|||
The results indicate that there is significant evidence that the hypothesis should not be rejected. This implies that the study mode does not affect the thrill level.
H0: The Metropolitan background status is independent of Thrill seeking
H1: The Metropolitan background status is dependent of Thrill seeking
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
8.880a |
7 |
.261 |
|
Likelihood Ratio |
8.871 |
7 |
.262 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
4.612 |
1 |
.032 |
|
N of Valid Cases |
32238 |
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 362.93. |
|||
Results show that the researcher should fail to reject the null hypothesis (p > .05). Metropolitan status is not associated with thrill-seeking.
H0: The study mode is independent of Thrill seeking
H1: The study mode is dependent of Thrill seeking
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
10.102a |
7 |
.183 |
|
Likelihood Ratio |
10.143 |
7 |
.181 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
4.333 |
1 |
.037 |
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 281.79. |
|||
Since the p> .05, fail to reject the null hypothesis (McHugh, 2013). This implies that there is no relationship between thrilling seeking. Therefore, the study mode does not show any difference in the thrilling seeking level.
H0: The RTA in past 12 months is independent of Thrill seeking
H1: The RTA in past 12 months is dependent of Thrill seeking
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
8420.418a |
7 |
.000 |
|
Likelihood Ratio |
7988.591 |
7 |
.000 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
6490.362 |
1 |
.000 |
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 321.49. |
|||
Reject the null hypothesis (p < .05) (McHugh, 2013). This indicates that the RTA in the past 12 months is independent of Thrill seeking. Therefore, there is a significance difference in the thrilling level in those that have experienced road traffic accidents.
- Gender
H0: Risk acceptance scores is equal in male and female
H1: Risk acceptance scores is different in male and female
|
Independent Samples Test |
||||||||||
|
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
||||||||
|
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
|
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
|
risk accep |
Equal variances assumed |
.986 |
.321 |
.893 |
38679 |
.372 |
.041 |
.046 |
-.050 |
.132 |
|
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.891 |
18615.849 |
.373 |
.041 |
.047 |
-.050 |
.133 |
|
The t-test p-value > .05, which means that there is no significance difference in the average of risk acceptance in gender (Lowry, 2014). That is the male and female have the same average of the risk acceptance.
H0: Risk acceptance scores averages are equal by metropolitan background status
H1: Risk acceptance scores averages are not equal by metropolitan background status
|
ANOVA |
|||||
|
risk accept |
|||||
|
|
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
Between Groups |
6.594 |
1 |
6.594 |
.401 |
.527 |
|
Within Groups |
530621.660 |
32236 |
16.461 |
|
|
|
Total |
530628.255 |
32237 |
|
|
|
Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The findings indicate that the risk acceptance average for those that live in a metropolis and those that do not live in the metropolis is not different (p > .05) (Lowry, 2014).
- Study mode
H0: The study mode is independent of Risk acceptance scores
H1: The study mode is dependent on Risk acceptance scores
|
Independent Samples Test |
||||||||||
|
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
||||||||
|
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
|
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
|
risk accep |
Equal variances assumed |
1.537 |
.215 |
.136 |
38679 |
.892 |
.009 |
.068 |
-.125 |
.143 |
|
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
.135 |
4816.191 |
.892 |
.009 |
.069 |
-.126 |
.144 |
|
The results indicate that the null hypothesis should not be rejected at the level .05 (p> .05). This means that the average score for those that study full mode and those that study part time have the same risk acceptance.
- RTA in past 12 months (from follow-up survey)
H0: The RTA in past 12 months is independent of Risk acceptance scores
H1: The RTA in past 12 months is dependent of Risk acceptance scores
|
Independent Samples Test |
||||||||||
|
|
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
t-test for Equality of Means |
||||||||
|
F |
Sig. |
t |
df |
Sig. (2-tailed) |
Mean Difference |
Std. Error Difference |
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
|||
|
Lower |
Upper |
|||||||||
|
risk accep |
Equal variances assumed |
1802.972 |
.000 |
-73.112 |
38679 |
.000 |
-4.423 |
.061 |
-4.542 |
-4.305 |
|
Equal variances not assumed |
|
|
-99.990 |
7452.481 |
.000 |
-4.423 |
.044 |
-4.510 |
-4.337 |
|
P< .05, which means that there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. This implies that average of risk acceptance is statistically different for those had and had not suffered RTA in the past 12 months.
H0: Depression and gender are independent
H1: Depression and gender are dependent
|
Depression * Gender Crosstabulation |
||||
|
Count |
||||
|
|
Gender |
Total |
||
|
Male |
Female |
|||
|
Depression |
Not depressed |
9365 |
25355 |
34720 |
|
Depressed |
1084 |
2877 |
3961 |
|
|
Total |
10449 |
28232 |
38681 |
|
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
.280a |
1 |
.597 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
.260 |
1 |
.610 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
.279 |
1 |
.597 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.598 |
.305 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
.280 |
1 |
.597 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1070.00. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
The p-value > .05, meaning that the null hypothesis should not be rejected. Thus, the findings suggest that there is no association between depression and gender.
H0: Metropolitan background status and gender are independent
H0: Metropolitan background status and gender are independent
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
.114a |
1 |
.736 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
.097 |
1 |
.755 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
.113 |
1 |
.737 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.743 |
.378 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
.114 |
1 |
.736 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
32238 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 513.35. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
p> .05, which means that there is sufficient evidence that the depression is not significantly different in metropolis and non-metropolis residences.
H0: Study mode and gender are independent
H0: Study mode and gender are independent
|
Depression * STUDY MODE Crosstabulation |
||||
|
Count |
||||
|
|
STUDY MODE |
Total |
||
|
Full time |
Part time |
|||
|
Depression |
Not depressed |
31241 |
3479 |
34720 |
|
Depressed |
3529 |
432 |
3961 |
|
|
Total |
34770 |
3911 |
38681 |
|
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
3.072a |
1 |
.080 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
2.975 |
1 |
.085 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
3.011 |
1 |
.083 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.084 |
.042 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
3.072 |
1 |
.080 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 400.49. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
There is sufficient evidence to claim that the depression level is not significantly different in the study mode (p > .05). Therefore, we are 95% confident that the depression is not associated with the study mode.
H0: Fee status and gender are independent
H0: Fee status and gender are independent
|
Depression * Fee status Crosstabulation |
||||
|
Count |
||||
|
|
Fee status |
Total |
||
|
Domestic student |
International student |
|||
|
Depression |
Not depressed |
28938 |
5782 |
34720 |
|
Depressed |
3300 |
661 |
3961 |
|
|
Total |
32238 |
6443 |
38681 |
|
|
Chi-Square Tests |
|||||
|
|
Value |
df |
Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (2-sided) |
Exact Sig. (1-sided) |
|
Pearson Chi-Square |
.003a |
1 |
.956 |
|
|
|
Continuity Correctionb |
.001 |
1 |
.974 |
|
|
|
Likelihood Ratio |
.003 |
1 |
.956 |
|
|
|
Fisher's Exact Test |
|
|
|
.966 |
.487 |
|
Linear-by-Linear Association |
.003 |
1 |
.956 |
|
|
|
N of Valid Cases |
38681 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 659.77. |
|||||
|
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table |
|||||
The results point that the fee status does not affect the depression level of a student. Therefore, the depression is not statistically different in the domestic and international students.
|
Variables in the Equation |
|||||||||
|
|
B |
S.E. |
Wald |
df |
Sig. |
Exp(B) |
95% C.I.for EXP(B) |
||
|
Lower |
Upper |
||||||||
|
Step 1a |
age_category |
-.450 |
.028 |
251.912 |
1 |
.000 |
.637 |
.603 |
.674 |
|
GENDER |
-.657 |
.056 |
137.861 |
1 |
.000 |
.519 |
.465 |
.579 |
|
|
LIVING_ARRANGE |
.074 |
.032 |
5.211 |
1 |
.022 |
1.076 |
1.010 |
1.147 |
|
|
FEE_STATUS |
.564 |
.070 |
65.635 |
1 |
.000 |
1.758 |
1.534 |
2.015 |
|
|
dist_driving |
-.007 |
.051 |
.017 |
1 |
.896 |
.993 |
.899 |
1.097 |
|
|
thrill |
1.507 |
.026 |
3430.476 |
1 |
.000 |
4.514 |
4.292 |
4.747 |
|
|
risk_accep |
.599 |
.011 |
3209.433 |
1 |
.000 |
1.820 |
1.782 |
1.858 |
|
|
Constant |
-13.976 |
.215 |
4209.322 |
1 |
.000 |
.000 |
|
|
|
|
a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: age_category, GENDER, LIVING_ARRANGE, FEE_STATUS, dist_driving, thrill, risk_accep. |
|||||||||
The variable living arrangement is significant at the level .05, which implies that is a good predictor in the developed logistic model (Hosmer Jr, et al., 2013). The Odd ratios indicate that those that live at home are 1.076 times more likely to experience the road traffic accidents than those that reside at college.
Yes, the driver’s aggressiveness increases the road t
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