Rules And Methods For Descent In Multi-Engine IFR Aircraft With Instrument Approach

Important Rules for Descent in Multi-Engine IFR Aircraft with Instrument Approach

You are the Captain of a Multi-Engine IFR Aircraft that is in IMC approaching an airport with an Instrument Approach. There are a number of rules that would apply when Considering descent down below the approach MDA. Identify the rules that would apply to this descent and Justify the method that you would use to Ensure the Compliance with these rules.

These multi-engine IFR aircraft are in most cases known to better deal than the ordinary plans since they operate on more than an engine hence their name multi-engine. In many cases operation of more engines are better than one and more engine gives more power than just an engine (Billings, Aviation automation: the search for a human-centered approach, 2012). This kind of aircraft which is also known as twin creates a new dimension and sets of skills and even some rules to enable the pilot to operate them effectively. So proper training is needed for any pilot who wants to operate the twin aircraft or the multi-engine aircraft.   Training for this kind of aircraft is majorly done in turbocharged Seneca iii and Seneca v.

As a pilot I must adhere to some rules which may include, first rule is that I would determining the altitude or height where the plane is at that moment. I will determine the position of the plane. To enable the operator and I achieve this he or she must try as much as possible to increase visibility needed for this operation to ensure that there are no miss estimations of the distances; this is highly required for the approaching plane.  Second rule is that the pilot should check is that the he must ensure that he does not descend below MDA (minimum descend attitude) when he is executing a missed a missed approach

The third rule is that the pilot must also move the shortest track on the downwind leg as required considering the weather condition at that time at that point. But the pilot is not restricted from passing over any airport or even any runway. This rule helps the pilot to obtain the shortest path of landing. The fourth rule is that it should be rationalized that the circling move can be made while another flying is in improvement at the airport. Some standard left turns must be considered when the plane is circling to land.  Lastly, at the airport which has a control tower, may be desirable to fly over the port to check the wind pattern and then turn on the indicators and other traffic which are always on the runways in the vicinity of the airport.

The Role of Pressure in Aircraft

The rules above must always adhere to ensure the safety of the passengers in the planes, and every pilot and the operators must always check if they obey the law of which if there is a reckless pilot who does not obey then a serious action should be taken against him or her.  This can as well serve as a good example to other and will make all the pilots obey the rule that ensures safety (Ean, 2013).  Those pilots who are not following the rule should be even be jailed and subjected to a serious fine. When these are done then the rules which are put to ensure safety will always be obeyed. And the pilots who always follow these rules should be appreciated in the form of either rank in the company or increase in the salary.

The pressure in the aircraft is very important since it is the pressure which is balanced and the make the aircraft to float in the air. These pressures are balanced between inside the plane. And the outside the plane, pressure is just a force which acts on a given area, the unpleasant feeling which occurs in our ears when the plane takes off is due to the pressure difference. The aircraft is made in such a way that the bottom is flat, and the top is curved; this is very important in the lift of the aircraft (Fallucco, 2013). The figure below shows the shape of the aircraft. When the air enters on the plan from the front, air moves in pairs in which every pair will disintegrate into two particles and move to the tail. At the tail, the particles must recombine at the same time. Then it follows that the particle on top will have to travel at high speed since the distance is longer than the distance which will be covered by the other which followed the bottom.

And according to the Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure will be low where the speed of air is high and high where the speed of air is very high.  The speed will be high on top of the aircraft meaning that the pressure will be lower on the top than the bottom. Due to that difference in pressure the aircraft will be pushed up (lifted)(Frazier, 2012).  There is also a very pretty pressure experienced in the aircraft; this pressure is due to drag and thrust.  The drag is a like a friction which opposes the movement of the aircraft, but this force is always compensated with the thrust. The combination of these two pressure make the aircraft to move at a very high speed, since these work best in support of Newton’s third law of motion, the action and reaction forces are equal and opposite,  when there is drag at the tail of the aircraft which makes the plane to  move in front with the same magnitude.

The Gyroscopic Instrument for Measuring Altitude

The gyroscopic instrument is employed in the aircraft to detect and indicate the altitude in which the aircraft is moving. The pitch altitude is illustrated by miniature plane´s comparative movement down or up on the horizontal bat (gyro). In most cases, at least four-pitch references are lines are put into the instrument (Helmreich, 2012).  Two are allocated on top of the artificial bar while the remaining two are put on top of the artificial bar.  In the front of the aircraft (nose) is described by a slight dot locate (white) located in between the point of the triangle and fixed set of wings. The black indicator many times is put on the upper side of the instrument. These black indicators are spaced at an interval of 10⁰ each through 30^0, and larger marks are put at 30⁰, 60⁰, and 90^0. There is a small knob close to the bottom of the instrument which is employed in many instances for vertical adjustment of the aircraft (Helmreich, 2012).

During the flight in the straight and level, the miniature plane needs to be adjusted to make it superimposed on the (horizontal) level bat.  Even though an indicator for the altitude is perfect in condition, but still it can have a small error during reading. Due to the erection of the device which corrects the errors accordingly, small errors due to deceleration and acceleration, but still, large errors may occur which are caused by dirty gimbal rings and wear. This instrument will work effectively in the aircraft to ensure that the attitude is maintained and the pilot is aware of the latitude he or she is operating in(Kern, Flight Discipline, 2011).

In the aircraft, there is communication which is often done by the help of radio waves which are propagated (transferred) from the origin to the destination. The radio waves which are undisturbed travel at a constant speed in straight line. But the propagation in the earth´s atmosphere is highly affected by the masses of solid and liquid which are uneven.  For an ideal medium, the radio wave is traveling at a constant speed for a particular medium, the waves travel in a straight line, and the waves can be refracted by objects with commensurate with the wavelength. In the whole of the electromagnetic spectrum which includes the infrared, gamma rays, x rays but the radio wave is composed by only the bottom  of the spectrum(John, 2015).

Communication in the Aircraft and Propagation of Radio Waves

The sound (voice) frequencies are just below this radio spectrum. The sound waves are pressure waves and in most case propagated differently from the other electromagnetic waves. The below figure shows the arrangement of the electromagnetic waves and the radio waves at the periphery with higher wavelength but lower frequency;

The propagation of the radio waves is treated as the propagation in the free space where these waves will obey the inverse-square waves(Kern, 2011). This law states that power density of any electromagnetic wave is proportional to the inverse of the square of the distance from a point source.The below expression can best elaborate the law;

At ideal communication, the distance from a transmitter, the transmitter aerial in most cases can be estimated by a point source. Increasing the distance of a receiver by a factor of 2 from the transmitter implies that the power density of the exuded wave at the second position is reduced by a factor of a quarter of the original value (Machado, 2015).  The power density per surface unit is proportionate to the product of magnetic field strength and electric field strength, hence doubling the transfer of waves track distance from the emitter will reduce each of this received strength in the free space pathway by half.

Advanced navigation systems are the act of employing computers, motion sensors and velocity control which are built in a microprocessor with software like audio or C#.  To calculate these through dead reckoning, the orientation, velocity or speed, position of a moving object without even considering the external reference is done.  Advanced navigation systems have both linear and angular velocity(Nagel, 2015). The angular accelerometer will measure how the aircraft will rotate in the air. And in this case, there is always one sensor for each of the three axes in which these control parts are attached, and they move in a clockwise or counter-clockwise.  But the linear is employed to measure non-gravitational accelerator(Perrow, 2011).  The programmed aircraft will continuously calculate the position of the plane in the air.  For each of the six degrees of the freedom (DOF)  { x,y,z and θ_x, θ_y and θ_z}  These computer help to estimate the gravity and even calculate the present velocity of the aircraft and thus the device will automatically integrate the velocity to obtain the present position.

 CASA requirements for Instrument Flight Rules operations are sets of guidelines controlling all aspects of the aircraft working under weather conditions usually clear to enable the pilot to visualize where the plane is moving to weather should be good enough than just basic Visual flight rules ( VFR) weather minima (Poynor, 2015).  The main CASA requirements for Instrument Flight Rules operations required from the pilot the visibility should be checked and should be given much weight. Both the operator and the pilot must ensure that they operate the aircraft at a point where they have a visual reference to the ground and should be able to visualize the ground to avoid other aircraft and obstructions (Robert Buck, 2012).  These rules demand the pilot be able to visualize outside the cockpit to enable him to manage the aircraft’s altitude, navigate and avoid any obstacles.  The agencies which govern the aircraft establishes some necessities for VFR; these may be the distance from the clouds and minimum visibility.

These enable the aircraft running under a VFR are very clear from a far enough distance to boost the safety of the aircraft.  In some countries, VFR is allowed at night referred to as night VFR, these simple help the pilot to see and avoid what could be a hindrance to smooth flow of the aircraft in the atmosphere. Mountains, forest, tall buildings and even other aircraft should be highly avoided by the pilot.  When there are fog and mist in the atmosphere, the pilot is advised to take a quick land to avoid the accident that may result due to lack of visibility (Ruppert, 2013). 

Elements of IFR flight from taking – off to approach and landing are some of the guidelines which should be considered.  Any pilot who is on the program aircraft operating a program flight can start an instrument approach when he or she considers the following aspects. Firstly either the alternative airport or the main airport must have a weather reporting facilities operated by the USA national weather services (Sheehan, 2016).  There must be a source which is approved by the US or by a source which is approved by the administration. Also, the latest weather report was given by the weather reportage competence which is present local altimeter setting for the airport (destination).  There no pilot who can take off airport under IFR from the port where the condition of the weather is at minimums but are located below authorized IFR landing unless there is another alternative airport where the aircraft can land (Stephen, 2011). 

Conclusion

In summary, the multi-engine IFR aircraft are in most cases known to better deal than the ordinary plans since they operate on more than an engine hence their name multi-engine. In the operation of the aircraft there are some rules which are always govern both the pilot and the operator. The important CASA requirements for Instrument Flight Rules operations is basically the visibility which is always given priority to help avoid the accident which if occurs in the aircraft can be vital and lead to loss of many lives.  The pressure in the aircraft is very important since it will make the aircraft to balance in air . The pressure will be achieved by Bernoulli’s principle. 

References

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